Why Weightloss Matters With Adult Diabetes

Weightloss is the watchword for most type 2 diabetics.  You know you should be losing pounds, eating a reduced amount of sugar and exercising.  But why is it so tough? to do this?

Type 2 diabetes tends to surface after a person reaches 40 years old, but not always.  Even pre-teens are now being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes!  That’s a sad commentary on our socienty today.

And that is why diabetes and losing weight is so much easier said than done these days; our culture is, “more, bigger, better” which  unfortunately includes food serving sizes.  It’s so easy to just say “super size it, please”.

Losing Weight and Diabetes — Why

You’ve heard it from your health care provider, read it in books and magazines, but here it is again.  If you have adult onset diabetes, you need to be on a weight management system, as well as exercising.  You know it, but do you do it?

It’s a fact that if working out helps your body better handle the insulin available to it.

The problem many times is fitting exercise into our daily schedule.  Raise your hand if you’ve ever said, “Just a few more minute’s sleep.”?  Still weight loss exercise programs raise your metabolism…so you burn more calories when you’re sleeping!

And if your medical doctor has you on medication, it’s very important that you take it as directed.

So that’s the “why” of diabetes — what about the “how”.

Diabetes and Losing Weight — How?

Pick some items from your refrigerator or cupboard and inspect it for sugar.  Don’t bother with the obvious, but instead look at items that you don’t expect (for example – salt).  Chances are, if it’s a processed food, sugar has been added.

Should you do away with all sugar?  That’s not practical for weightloss and dealing withadult onset diabetes.  What you want to do is be informed as to how much sugar you are consuming.

The benefits of losing weight really do outweigh all the junk food and inactivity.

A Low Glycemic Plan for Losing Weight

In the last few years, the idea of following a low-glycemic plan has gained quite a bit of momentum among diabetics and non-diabetics alike.  To put it another way, it limits the foods with sugar that’s rapidly metabolized by the body.

By selecting foods that release their sugar into your body more slowly, your blood sugar doesn’t swing wildly.  This is a big help, when it comes to losing pounds and diabetes.

Check With Your Doctor

Naturally, if you are under a medical doctor’s care for your type 2 diabetes, you need to check with him or her regarding weight loss.  Undoubtedly you’ll get the green light, but you should be monitored anyway.

Weightloss and diabetes doesn’t have to be challenging.  But you do need to consider what changes you can make, to live a healthier life.

Smart Strategies To Lose Weight Quickly

The  weight loss industry seems to have done a very good job with conditioning people to think they can shed fast in a weeks time. There has to be over a hundred various quick weight loss products offered, now. No matter what, you need to find an overall strategy that works best for you and is healthy. The thing to realize is you may have to try various products to find one that works well for you. Your results will be even better if you eat appropriately and can get some exercise in, as well. You want to lose your excessive fat once and for all without the usual ups and downs.

It is a part of some Western cultures for people to gorge themselves at a standard rate of three times a day. These are the types of servings during meals that are far too substantial and unhealthy. Well, now many of us know, thanks to various study, that the best strategy is to spread the meals out throughout the day. Be aware to the size of the portions, and it would be a good plan if the food was nutritious. Additionally you want to stop eating until your stomach is feeling full. It is also known that there is a small lag time between when you stop eating and you in fact feel full.
Bottled water sales have been thriving for well over ten years, and people have been consuming it for health reasons. Essentially, drinking water is a very well known solution to helping you lose weight. If you are in the habit of consuming soft drinks – you already know how undesirable they are for you – so we will not tell you to give up. Truly, a lot of research has been done over the years about the advantages of drinking water. It is seriously important to get enough daily water because of the daily influx of environmental toxic compounds and various toxins. You’ll be able to keep possibly bad snacking to a minimum due to the water intake removing hunger feelings.

Check for cardiac diet to lose 10 lbs in 3 days
You can make use of the methods we just talked about, plus others, to achieve major lifestyle adjustments and lose all that extra weight. Take it one step at a time, and before you know it you will discover great improvement toward your objectives. Do be careful that you do not lose weight too fast because the common result is to promptly gain it back.

Healthy Lifestyle | Math and Weight-loss

As soon as people find out that you want to lose weight they are going to start showering you with suggestions. Many people will try to be helpful. They will need you to be able to get to your goal weight as easily as you can. The issue you are going to hear the most frequently is going to be “slimming down is only math.” This concept, at its heart, is normally accurate. Obviously knowing it’s math doesn’t make the path easier to travel. Nobody claims to know how to take peace in the math when you’re trying to keep away from your favorite unhealthy snack foods or when you are too tired to keep working out. This article will help you with this.

The center of weight reduction math is pretty simple. If you would like to shed pounds, you need to use up more calories than you soak up each day. Not only will this make your whole body use what you put into it, it will work with what it has stored up too. You will need energy to keep moving and survive and that’s why your body stores fat to begin with; it offers something to burn if you can not eat enough calories every day. If you do enough exercise to burn all of the calories you ingest, logic declares that your weight should stay exactly where it is now. If you do so much exercise that you just burn through all of the calories you’ve taken in but still have to get through your day, the body will turn to your fat cells as a source of the energy you need.

The first way to handle this problem is to lessen the amount of calories you take in each day. Your physician will work on you to generate a healthy calorie count for your height, background and lifestyle. This does two things: it gives you an objective number and a start line for your diet plan. It makes it possible to figure out how intensive your workout needs to be every day. On the surface it looks like almost everything is centered on discipline. It will take willpower to kick the habit of eating once you’ve reached your calorie quota for the day. You require discipline to train everyday to burn through the calories you eat.

The simplest way to keep disciplined is to understand everything you can about how much exercise it takes to burn through the extra calories you take in. Is the sugary soda that looks so tasty worth the couple of hours you have got to spend on the treadmill to work it off? If you have the ability to see just how much work is needed to counteract a potentially unhealthy decision, it should be less difficult to make smart choices (like choosing a bottle of water).

Not surprisingly, there may be psychology at work with you too. Weight loss math just deals with the surface level of what you are about to go through as you work to shed some pounds and get healthy again. This is why it is so crucial for you to work together with another person who knows how to approach health and weight reduction smartly– they’ll help you decide on a good approach for meeting a weight loss goal.

Binge eating disorder

Consuming large amounts of food by a sense of loss of control over eating in a discrete period of time named as binge eating disorder (BED). BN and BED comprise binge eating as a core diagnostic feature. BED is frequently endorsed by individuals with AN (namely, those with the binge eating/purging subtype; AN-BE/P). The restraint model of binge eating theorizes that attempts at dietary restriction arising from shape and weight over concern promote binge eating, which in turn leads to a vicious cycle of increased efforts to restrict eating again.

Individuals which have both of BN and BED are especially studied by researches investigating the  relation between dietary restriction and binge eating. Individuals restricting caloric intake or consume meals and snack irregulary are vulnerable to more frequent binge eating episodes according to these studies. However, the relation of caloric restriction and irregular meal patterns with BED is still unkown.

Once a month, you can water flaming katy plant flowers in full sunlight. Then, just make sure that you water your katy in the spring. It needs a little sunlight in order to grow, but not too much. If the plants get too hot or dry, they will die. If they are exposed to dry, they will die. You should also keep them watered regularly.

Bulimia nervosa

Bulimia Nervosa (BN) includes episodes of binge eating followed by reccurent inappropriate behaviours (such as self-induced vomiting) for preventing weight gain from the caloric overload. To satisfy the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) (2000) criteria, the behavior must be frequent (on average, at least two times per week for 3 months or longer). BN developed in majority of AN patients in progress of time.

In addition to binge eating and purging, individuals with BN frequently report concurrent psychological symptoms such as depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and cognitive eating disorder pathology (e.g., weight and shape concerns) at more severe levels than non-psychiatric controls. Psychological theories suggest that concurrent psychological syptoms are very effective in both the development and maintenance of blumic pathology. In addition, certain psychological symptoms (e.g., greater depressive symptoms and lower self-esteem) may lead to poorer treatment outcomes for adults with BN.

In a study, fixed sized meal were given to individuals with BN  and controls. They are wanted to evaluate their subjective satiety. Indivıiduals with BN reported that they are feeling less full when compared with controls. Furthermore, a potential biological mechanism was identified in BN. This mechanism is associated with cholecystokinin (CCK) which have role in controlling food intake. CCK has an important role in the termination of meal with its post-prandial increasement. The release of  CCK was diminished after a meal in individuals with BN, but not in the control group. This study demonstrated a potential translational link between a biological control mechanism from the gut and clinical symptoms, suggesting that postingestive satiety signals are disturbed in BN. The change in fullness per unit of food consumed was much lower in the individuals with BN, consistent with a disturbance in the development of satiety.

In another study,  the quantity of consumed food and the total amount to be provided were not indicated to participants while they ate showed various results. In contrats to the previous study, the average ratings of fulness of the individuals with BN during the course of the meal were identical to the those of controls. In contrast to the previous study where study participants determined how much they ate and were aware of the quantity of what they had eaten during the course of the meal. According to the results of this study,  the change in fullness per unit of food consumed was quite normal, and therefore did not suggest an impairment in the development of satiety. Notably, in the previous study, subjects were asked specifically to binge eat, suggesting the possibility that a person’s decision to overeat then alters their how they interpret subjective sensations and biological signals resulting from food ingestion.

Anorexia nervosa

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric disease. Energy restriction, low body weight and an intense fear of gaining weight are characteristics of this disease. High emotional and financial burden make AN a devastating and costly disorder for patients and their families. AN can also be lengthy, physically destructive, and psychologically exhausting.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Book (DSM-IV) lists four criteria for the diagnosis of an AN

(1)  Refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age and height

(2)  Intense fear of gaining weight

(3)  Disturbance of one’s body weight or shape

(4)  Amenorrhea

The disorder ranks among the ten leading causes of disability among young women and has one of the highest mortality rates of any psychiatric disorder AN is recognized as the third most common chronic illness in adolescents and the teenage years are the most common time of onset of the disease. The lifetime prevalence of anorexia nervosa in women is 2.2%  but because only 50% of women with AN recover even many years after their initial diagnosis. This is a chronic disease for many women. In fact, the number of women over 35 years of age entering treatment facilities for anorexia nervosa has dramatically increased in recent years. Although primarily recognized in females, males are also affected by this disease. Although it is reported that 10% of individuals affected by AN are male, the incidence may be much higher.

One of the first observational studies in this field on fat avoidance reported  that individuals with AN consumed fewer calories than controls (1289 kcal vs. 2220 kcal) . This low calorie intake primarily caused by fat avoidance of the AN patients.  In that study, the macronutrient composition of caloric intake over a 24-h period was analyzed and it was found that individuals with AN  ate a slightly higher percentage of protein and carbohydrates than controls, but substantially less fat (17.6% vs. 28.4%).

Etiology of AN is unknown. There are determined various and generally nonspecific  psychological and biological risk factors of AN. However, this risk factors do not explain major fraction of the variance in occurance. Treatment for eating disorders in a structured environment usually restores normal weight in 2–4 months, in certain patients, with concomitant physiological, physical and psychological improvement. The fact that full recovery occurs in a substantial fraction of individuals who develop anorexia nervosa and that, despite numerous studies, no major physiological disturbances have been identified that are not reversed by weight gain suggest that cognitive and emotional factors play a major role in the development and persistence of AN.  Pre-meal psychological state may be one such factor by playing an important role in the food choices of individuals with AN. According to recent studies, pre-meal level of anxiety affects calorie intake negatively . Increased distress level might affect food choice function adversely.

Intuitive eating

Intuitive eating behaviour is based on physiological hunger and satiety cues rather than situational and emotional cues. Its central premise is that individuals innately are able to stay in tune with their bodies' natural signals about hunger and fullness. From this perspective, individuals are thought to be able to regulate their food intake in a healthy manner, eating what they want, when they want it, beginning when they become hungry, and stopping when they feel full. Intuitive eating enables individuals to choose more nutritious foods. For this reason, intuitive eaters prevent weight fluctations and maintain their proper weight. Intuative eating also plays a part in improvement of physical health. It is associated with lower body mass (BMI), cholesterol, blood pressure and decreased cardiovascular risk. In addition, intuative eating is also negatively correlated with chronic dieting and binge eating, which is an important counterproductive effect  in rigid restrained eaters. Intuative eating also causes beneficial outcomes on both psychological and physiological variables slightly. For example, intuitive eaters showed greater unconditional self-regard and body satisfaction (or appreciation) and lower levels of depression and disordered eating behaviors.

Advocates of intuitive eating caution that engaging in restriction of certain foods or limiting portion size can lead individuals to feel deprived, which can then place individuals at risk for experiences of counterregulatory eating in which they violate dietary rules and binge eat . Preventing the influence of environmental factors such as plate and portion sizes is a necessary characteristic which should be comprised by a succesful intuitive  eating behaviour. It is suggested that foods are choosen for the purposes of satisfaction (i.e., taste), health, energy, stamina, and performance in intuitive eating. Preoccupation with food and dichotomization  of foods  as good and bad are prevented by intuative eating. 

Intuative eating influences on various populations differently according to some researchs. For example, elevated awareness to internal cues may differentially relate to eating behaviors among healthy weight individuals, as compared to overweight or obese individuals. Therefore, positive effects of intuative eating on different population and weight classes should investigated. Restraint eating focuses on external and environmentally-based solutions (i.e.limiting calories or portion sizes). However, disordered eating behaviours may occur in this solutions. On the other hand, intuitive eating focuses on internal cues (i.e. increasing awareness and response to hunger and satiety). This internal cues determine hunger and fullness. For this reason, intuative eating appears to be negatively correlated with disordered eating .If intuitive eating works as hypothesized, environmental cues (i.e., plate and portion size) should have less influence on food consumption among individuals who report high levels of intuitive eating, as compared to those who report low levels of intuitive eating. However, it was showed that mindfullness does not provide adequate level of prevention from external variables (plate or portion size effect). For this reason, this situation causes to researchers to suggest that external cue effects may act independently from internal cues. In their current research, Anderson et al. suggested that hungry individuals who report high levels of intuitive eating, as measured by the Intuative Eating Scale (IES), are more likely to eat an objectively larger amount when presented with larger plate and portion sizes, compared to individuals  who report lower levels of intuitive eating.

However, according to them,  it was also possible that particular facets of intuitive eating (i.e., unconditional permission to eat when hungry) influenced participants' eating behaviors in the laboratory which is an environment in which they were given permission to eat as much pasta as they wanted.

Hunger

Hunger is the perception of individual’s typical hunger level.  Hunger reflects a person’s stable underlying sensistivity to hunger feelings and predisposition to eat.

Hunger scores  are positively associated with energy intake. Being chronically hunger makes individuals more susceptible to overeating, when compared with individuals do not report being often hungry. Correlations between hunger and disinhibition tend to be high when correlation between hunger and restraint tend to be low. Hunger is common in younger individuals than older individuals. It is also suggested that women might be more aware of their biologic signals of hunger and consequently they are maybe more responsive to their inner cues.

Ghrelin is one of the gastrointestinal hormones with its putative orexigenic function and is mainly produced by gastric cells prior to food intake. Langlois et al. showed that ghrelin is associated with self-reported perception of hunger, independently of anthropometric measures and lifestyle. They reported that in lean people, ghrelin regulates hunger signaling and energy intake. In contrast, increased BMI seems to be associated with lower ghrelin levels and disrupted association between ghrelin levels and hunger feelings.  Also, in their cohort study, obese teenagers had  higher ghrelin levels and reported a greater food intake than their lean counterparts. Therefore, they hypotized that ghrelin could be implicated in early obesity development (childhood and adolescence) by increasing hunger signals and energy intake, but once body weight has reached a certain point, chronically increased ghrelin levels are down-regulated, explaining the observation of lower ghrelin with higher BMI as observed in their cohort and in previous reports in obese adults. 

Although hunger has a homeostatic component, it has also a hedonic part. Overeating is originated from this hedonic part of hunger.  Hedonic hunger favors energy-dense palatable food, rich in sugar and fat, for example snacks, pastries, desserts, baked confectionery and sweets which foods typically ingested in between meals and preferred by women. Regardless of energy status, the anticipation of pleasure causes hedonic eating. The hedonic hunger is constituted by two components, wanting and liking. Wanting represents the anticipation phase, the motivation to eat a food item, and is triggered by cues. Liking is the hedonic reaction of the pleasure experienced through a rewarding orosensory stimuli.

In a study, thylaakoids supplementation reduces feelings of hunger and increases feeling of satiety by affecting subjective ratings of appetite. It also reduces wanting for palatable food. Furthermore, the treatment effect on wanting and liking is correlated to reduction in food intake. In addition, liking for sweet is reduced after consumption. It is suggested that these effects are due to altered secretion of appetite regulating hormones, induced by the thylakoids, affecting reward-related areas in the brain.

Disinhibited eating

Lack of ability to inhibit eating is named as disinhibition of eating control or disinhibited eating. Disinhibited eating occurs when an individual is unable to control intake and overeats in response to internal (e.g., emotional stressors) or external (e.g., presence of palatable foods) cues despite his or her intentions not to do so. 

Eating  in response to environmental triggers also existing in disinhibited eating.

However, disinhibited eating also includes social or emotional eating. 

Disinhibition has been repositioned as a psychobiological tendency towards

‘opportunistic eating’. More recently, a high restrained/high disinhibited subtype has been identified as a more reliable risk factor for food consumption after negative affect than restrained eating alone. 

Attitude is an important concept in disinhibited eating field. Attitudes affect opinion of an individual positively or negatively about a certain food. İmplicit attitudes and explicit attitudes are two broad categories of attitudes. Implicit attitudes tend to be automatic in nature, such that individuals are often not consciously aware of them and are hypothesized to form due to associative reasoning. Explicit attitudes are more deliberative in nature and are typically within conscious awareness; they are believed to form through logical processes. This grouping of attitudes is a hallmark of the dualprocess model. 

According to the dual-process model, not only one attitude direct eating behaviour at all situations. Both of them regard towards a food. However, dominant of them direct food choice. For example, someone could have a positive implicit attitude towards chocolate (driven by associations to its immediate hedonic properties) while simultaneously reporting, through explicit attitudes, a lesser liking towards chocolate (driven by associations to its unhealthy attributes). Implicit and explicit attitudes towards food often differ and that, under varying circumstances, one type of attitude tends to be more predictive of eating behavior than the other. When individuals have high cognitive capacity, meaning when there is no distraction or other stimuli to attend to, explicit attitudes are more predictive of food choice. Conversely, when individuals have low cognitive capacity, implicit attitudes will predict food choice. Emotional situations (e.g. after watching an upsetting film) and low inhibitory control (e.g, selfcontrol resources have been depleted, high levels of impulsivity)  also cause implicit attitudes to predict food choice.

Restrained eating

Many people appeal to different dieting strategies because of being overweight and obesity. Dieting is a generic term that refers to specific behaviours or, more generally, to the extent of restrained eating. Restrained eating is cognitively attempting to control eating behaviour for losing weight and for preventing weight gain. This eating behaviour is more common in people who previously experienced difficulty in controlling their food intake. 

Restrained eating has been found to be associated with lower daily energy intake. These suggestion was supported by laboratory taste tests and self reports. Self reports also suggested that restrained eaters take lower energy with lower levels of fat and carbohydrates. Although it is generally thought that dietary restraint is related to less overeating and reduced weight, research findings showed that these attempt causes a pattern of disinhibited eating oppositely. Restrained eating is a mainly studied eating behaviour by previous studies. The mutual relations between different eating styles have never taken into account. However, restricted eating also related to different eating behaviours and eating disorders. Dietary restraint is a form of inhibition and associated with disinhibition which occurs as overeating tendencies as in emotional eating and external eating. Distrupting events, or disinhibitors, described in the literature include certain cognitions, alcohol, and strong emotional states. Restraint theorists postulate that restrained food intake under strict cognitive control is vulnerable to break down by stronge emotional situations. Perhaps the most commonly investigated trait for risk of eating in response to negative affect, however is dietary restraint. In this situation, restrained eaters abandon control and proceed to overconsume. In line with this theory, restrained eating has been associated with negative  affect-induced  eating in a number of contexts, alhough its role has more recently been disputed. Therefore, dietary restraint has also  been found to be associated with excessive food intake and weight gain yet. The long term effectiveness of such diets is also unstated in reviews about calorie restricted diets (24). Some dieters successfully maintain lower body weight, but most diets and also restrained eating are not effective in long term. Frequent lapses from restricted diet occur in many chronically restrained eaters. Specifically, they increased disinhibition when they exposed to palatable food cues with stronger positive attitudes. Between one-third and two-thirds  of the dieters had at follow-up regained more weight then they lost on their diets according to the meta analysis. 

Dividing eating restraint into rigid and flexible control holds promise for understanding some of the conflicting data in the restraint field. Research has shown that rigid control and flexible control are related in opposite directions to some healthrelated and well-being indices in various populations. Rigid control is an all- or- nothing approach to eating-operationalized by behaviors such as actively avoiding and refusing desired calorie-dense foods (and if such foods are consumed, overeating and guilt may follow), regimented calorie counting and dieting to control weight, eating diet foods to avoid weight gain, and skipping meals. In contrast, flexible control is generally considered a balanced  approach to eating-operationalized by behaviors such as taking smaller than desired servings of food to control weight, being conscious of foods eaten, taking weight into account when making food choices, and engaging in compensation (i.e., intentionally eating less and/or healthier alternatives at the next meal) if too much is eaten or less healthy options are chosen at the previous meal. It is reported that flexible restraint is more closely related with a decrease in energy intake and body mass index. As opposed to flexible control, it has been suggested that especially rigid control over food intake (as opposed to flexible control) is associated with disinhibition and higher BMI. Westenhoefer et al. also found that rigid restraint is positively related to a range of preoccupying cognitions and attentional bias to food and shaperelated stimuli. In flexible restraint, although there is an impaired working memory performance, there is a beter long-term weight loss.

High cognitive control also increases the risk for eating disorders like bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder even worse. Another  problem with dietary restraint is that the body cannot distinguish true food shortage from self-imposed food restriction. These situation incerase feelings of hunger and slows down the metabolic rate of the body. Jastreboff et al. suggested that high restrained eating is associated with insulin resistance in men (2014).

Restrained eaters, lean or obese, stop eating not in response to satiety but because they have reached a cognitively-set limit. Therefore, self-control may also be one of the key differences for weight loss and maintenance of diet for  restrained eaters. Self-control is the ability against to a behavioural impulse for carrying out a higher-order goal. Weight loss and maintenance of a diet can also be one of these goals. Self-control may be intimately connected to succesful weight control so that succesful weight regulators are beter able to control themselves in tempting situations where unsuccesful weight regulators are prone to indulge. Palatable food cues tempt succesful and unsuccesful weight regulators equally. For this reason, succesful weight regulators who are enduring to this tempting situation may be beter able to regulate such positive, appetitive responses to palatable food cues. Indirect evidence for this idea comes from studies demonstrated that food intake is more easily regulated in line with dieting intentions when self-control resources are high. In contrast, when self-control resources are low, eating behavior is more strongly guided by appetitive reactions to palatable food such as positive effect. Further, successful weight regulators have been found to activate a dieting goal in response to palatable food cues, while unsuccessful weight regulators seem to inhibit such dieting goals. It was suggested that such facilitative links between palatable food cues and the higher-order goal of dieting develop when people are repeatedly and successfully able to exert self-control in tempting situations. Together, these findings suggest that successful weight regulators are better able to inhibit appetitive responses to palatable food cues in situations where unsuccessful weight regulators exhibit disinhibition.

It is suggested that increased physical activity can be  protective against to the risk of anabolism and weight regain after a diet. Increased physical activity causes increased caloric expenditure and increased metabolic rate. In addition, physical activity has been found to be related with lower depressive symptomatolog, decreased feelings of tension and a greater emotional well-being. There was a positive correlation between dietary restraint and energy intake following a period of rest, but not after a bout of exercise. This relationship was independent of the nutrient manipulation.

External Eating

External eating can be defined as eating in response to external food-related cues, such as the sight, smell and taste of food, regardless of physical need. External eating has been linked to overeating and it is considered a highly problemmatic eating behaviour due to its association with higher body weights, more unhealthy food intake and increased risk of relapse in eating disorders and obesity.  

External eating has been associated with increased BMI in a healthy weight sample. Furthermore, it is positively correlated with increased BMI in children and adults. External eating was found to be  extremely associated with fat intake than to carbohydrate intake. External eating  is positively correlated with laboratory based food intake in adolescent girls and candy consumption in children in experimental studies. It is  also associated  with unhealthy snack food intake in healthy weight women according to experimental studies . Results of the researchs also reported that external eating is linked to increased self-reported energy intake over three days and one month in healthy weight women. In a current study which has only women participants, external eating was associated with the intake of sweet food, rather than savoury food during the taste tests.

External eating behaviour was found to be associated with increased impulsivity especially in overweight and obese individuals. It was suggested that environmental cues affect eating behaviours of obese people more than non-obese people. However, more recent studies revealed that all weight classes can be influenced by environment.

External eating correspond to a relative insensitivity to internal hunger and satiety signals such as emotional eating. Externality theory focuses on the external environment such as food cues as a determinant of eating behaviour. Elevated responsiveness to food related cues in the immediate environment cause overeating of external eater. There is also a further difference of external eating from emotional eating. This difference has been considered as an evolutionary adaptive response that has been related to Neel’s thrifty-genotype concept. This concept suggests that evolution has favored genetic adaptations that allow humans to survive during periods of food shortages, including adaptations that allow them to overeat in times of food surplus (whenever external food cues are present in the environment) and rapidly develop fat on their bodies.

There are some interventions to struggle with external eating. Cognitive control training is one of them. This training strengths inhibitory control for reducing both attentional and motor impulsivity. It is found that using general inhibitory control training (i.e., repeatedly inhibiting responses to stimuli unrelated to food) reduced unhealthy food intake on a subsequent taste test. Others have used specific inhibitory control training that focuses on food stimuli and found that increased inhibitory control for chocolate cues as well as food in general  can reduce unhealthy food intake. In addition, increasing inhibitory control for unhealthy food resulted in weight loss among dieters with high BMI.

 

Another intervention is food-cue reactivity training. These intervention makes foods less tempting to external eaters by reducing the saliency of attractive food cues. This method was found effective at reducing cue reactivity  for unhealthy foods such as chocolate.  This particular intervention may be useful at reducing unhealthy food intake among individuals with problematic eating behaviour, specifically those with a pronounced external eating style.

Emotional Eating

The tendency to eat in response to feelings rather than hunger is named as emotional eating . Emotional eating implies an inclination to eat in response to negative emotions such as depression, dissapointments and feelings of loneliness . During stressful times, eating can be a rewarding, comforting and distracting thing  . Eating is also very social. Meals are often eaten together and food is an integral part of celebrations and sad occasions .  However, eating to regulate emotion can be maladaptive . 

There are important physical and psychological health affects of emotional eating . Greater stress levels were associated with greater amount of food consumption according to self reports and experimental studies . Larger weight fluctations occured in emotional eaters more than non-emotional eaters . When they are under stress, disinhibited eating and overconsumption of high-calorie palatable food cause weight gain in emotional eaters. However, emotional eaters are seem to eat less and lose weight at the time when they are under lower stress. These situation causes weight fluctations over time . Emotinal eating behaviour is also related to various eating disorders. Binge eating, bulimia nervosa and depression are some of these eating behaviours .

When  present findings are evaluated, it is suggested that unhealthy food choices are influenced from both emotional eating and depressive symptoms . It has been suggested that emotional eating increases the consumption of sweet and high-fat foods in particular . In a study which focused on weight fluctations, results showed that  negative emotions evoked by stress cause eating more palatable foods such as chips, hamburger or sodas. These emotions also lead to eating fewer vegetables and whole grain foods . Studies  consistently found association between measures of stress and intake of dietary fat, high fat snacks and fast food. Studies also suggest an association between perceived stres and consuming more sweetened beverages . 

Results of  The Vitamins and Lifestyle Study (VITAL) Study, a current and broad cohort study made in 2014, also demonstrated that higher levels of perceived stres were associated with higher fat intake as a percentage of energy consumed, greater  intake of high-fat snacks, more fast-food consumption, as well as lower carbohydrate intake as a percentage of energy consumed and fewer eating occasion. Intakes of added sugars,servings of fruit and vegetables and sweetened drinks were not significantly associated with amount of perceived stres. VITAL study also found that perceived stress was associated with decreased carbohydrate intake, but one another study made with similar age  group found a positive relationship between each other.  However, the association between perceived stres and percentage energy from added sugar (sugar from non-whole foods) was not evidenced in VITAL study with regards to statistical significance . Perceived stress was associated with fewer eating occasions, including meals and snacks, although only among those people who perceived themselves as vulnerable to stres  . Van strien et al. showed that the high and low emotional eaters did not differ in their food intake, but emotional eating significantly moderated the relationship between mood condition and food intake. They found that low emotional eaters ate similar amounts after the sad and after the joy mood condition. However, high emotional eaters ate significantly more after the sad mood condition than after the joy mood condition (2013) .

The link between stres and emotional eating has been well estalished. Hovewer,  little research has focused on the underlying mechanisms that mediate such an association . Distress is associated with both increased and decreased food intake . Most people eat more in response to stres , whereas some eat less . The typical and predominant response is decreased food intake . Therefore, it is considered that emotional overeating is an inappropriate response to stres . Distress is normally associated with activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA-axis) with physiological reactions that are designed to prepare the individual for a fight or flight reaction: inhibition of gastric motility and release of sugar into the bloodstream. Consequently, hunger is supressed because of this reactions . However, so-called emotional eaters show the atypical response to distress of eating similar or larger amounts of food . 

It is suggested that chronic activation of the stres response can lead to dysregulation that has been associated with increased appetite, preference for foods  high in sugar and fat, visceral fat accumulation and deposition and obesity . The type and severity of the stressors may also be important to associations with eating. 

Also, repeated exposure to stressors that threaten one’s social self (eg, stressors associated with social position) are thought to especially contribute this dysregulation . In humans , it has been shown that chronically stresssed people report higher scores on emotinal eating, have a greater abdominal fat distribution and have dampened HPA-axis activity . The latter authors hypothesized that highly stressed humans tend to cope with high levels of stres by engaging in stress eating, thereby developing a blunted HPA-axis response . Also,  the feedback mechanisms which are controlling the normalization of eating-related peptides (ghrelin) which signals food initiation might be disturbed in emotional eaters . 

A study made with obese people showed that emotional eating was strongly positively associated to Neuroticism, in particular impulsiveness and depression, and further linked to lower Conscientiousness, Extraversion and Openess, and lower selfdiscipline . Emotional  eating was also found higher in females than males. This situation was interpreted that,  presumably, males have underreported their emotional eating behaviours because of cultural stereotype which perceive  emotional eating as a behaviour women do  .  

Benefits of Physical Activity

physical activity is meant any movement produced by the skeletal muscles, responsible for an increase in energy expenditure.

Physical inactivity (lack of physical activity) is considered to be the fourth highest risk factor for death worldwide (6%). It is also believed to be the leading cause of 21-25% of breast or colon cancers, 27% of diabetes and about 30% of cases of ischemic heart disease.

Physical activity has many virtues and is an excellent way to guard against chronic diseases.

The regular practice of physical activity has many benefits, sometimes unsuspected:

1- It allows to have a good physical condition which, besides improving your sports performance, will facilitate your daily life.

2- It protects against the onset of cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction and angina pectoris), regardless of age.

3- It protects against certain cancers in particular that of the breast in the woman, the prostate in the man, and the colon in the two sexes.

4- It reduces the risk of diabetes and helps to better balance the blood sugar level (blood sugar).

5- It facilitates the stability of blood pressure.

6- It is effective for maintaining shape weight and can reduce the risk of obesity.
It reduces the risk of low back pain.

7- It improves sleep.

8- It effectively fights stress, depression, anxiety.

9- It improves the aging process and protects against loss of autonomy.

Tips for maintaining good mental health

Taking care of your mental health is as important as taking care of your physical health. Here are some tips that will help you maintain a good mental condition.

1. Develop your self-esteem.

According to experts in mental health, having a good self-esteem is one of the best tools available to deal with the difficulties of life. Studies show that people with good self-esteem have, among other things, more confidence in themselves and their abilities.

2. Eat healthy.

Diet plays a crucial role in mental health. It is therefore important to have a healthy diet. To do so, follow the recommendations in Canada's Food Guide to Healthy Eating. You can also consult a nutritionist to get advice tailored to your needs.

3. Practice regular physical activity.

Physical exercise can positively influence your mental health because it causes chemical reactions that can positively affect your mood and reduce your anxiety and stress.

4. Learn to manage your stress.

Stressful moments are part of life, but it is important to learn how to overcome them in order to preserve your mental health. Find out what causes your stress so you can find ways to deal with it effectively.

5. Enjoy the moment.

Learn to focus on the present moment, instead of constantly thinking about past or future events; This will allow you to enjoy the little joys you could otherwise let go.

6. Balance your work and personal life.

If you feel that you are spending too much time on one area of ​​your life and not enough at another, your work-life balance may be disrupted. Learn to reconcile the two! The best way to achieve this balance varies from person to person; Find the strategy that suits you best.

7. Get enough sleep.

Lack of sleep can be detrimental to your mental health because it can cause emotional and psychological problems. Sleep at reasonable times and try to get about eight hours of sleep. This will help you promote optimal recovery in order to face your day.

8. Maintain relationships.

Developing and maintaining strong relationships with people is very beneficial for mental health. So work to build good relationships with people around you, whether at home, at work or in your community. These contacts will enrich your life and support you.

9. Take time to have fun!

Taking time to laugh and have fun can help you immensely to stay mentally healthy! Laughter and humor can lift your spirits, give you a sense of well-being and help you reduce stress. Find reasons to laugh: read comics, listen to comedy or tell jokes to your friends.

10. Get help if needed.

At some point in your life, you may need to ask for help. Above all, do not hesitate to do so. Of course, it takes courage to seek help, but it could really change things in your life. Be aware that there are many resources to help you. Do not hesitate to talk to your pharmacist; It will guide you to the best resources available.

Take Vitamin C And D supplements

This complements  in the sense that if you have an optimal status of vitamins and minerals, you will be healthier, your visits to the doctor will become scarce, you will not spend money on medicines.

Vitamin C: the peculiarity is that Man is one of the only species that does not synthesize. That is why it must be brought by food.

Only fruits and vegetables that bring us are less rich in vitamin C than in the past. In addition, the needs are greater with our modern life: polluted cities, cigarettes, drugs consumed in excess, too much sport for some, stress, a lot of stress. For example, a pack of cigarettes destroys 500 mg of vitamin C! All these factors lead to overproduction of free radicals in the body that vitamin C is responsible for neutralizing. As a result, the level of vitamin C in the blood is considerably reduced and we are particularly fragile.

This is how it is very easy to catch a cold, a flu or even worse.

The famous "Eat 5 fruits and vegetables per day" is thus insufficient for anyone wanting to take care of his health. In general, 1 to 2 grams in supplementation is a good thing. Adapt your supplementation according to your exposure rate to the factors above and according to your feelings.

According to some researchers the needs can climb to more than 10 grams. The surplus is eliminated in the urine. Dosing too much will cause diarrhea. Choose a pure vitamin C, ie no capsule or tablet, take the powder. Take it under the name "L-ascorbic acid dextrogyre", it is the only interesting.

To my knowledge this is not found in pharmacy, and that's all the irony, so you must buy it on the internet. Vitamin C in pharmacies (with dyes, flavors, added sugar) sells for more than € 10 for 30 500 mg tablets (15 days of use at 1g / d), this would amount to more than € 200 per year ! I had mine at less than 60 € for a 1 kg pot without any additives. Calculate the difference.

Vitamin D: the skin synthesizes it directly when exposed to sunlight. It is necessary to know that it is the UVB that allow its synthesis and that the windows filter the UVB, so you do not produce vitamin D through a glass! Pollution and sunscreen greatly diminish this synthesis.

Synthesis is the most important in the hottest hours of the day. To have your daily dose, expose yourself 15 minutes, with the least clothes possible and without sunscreen between noon and two.

Tips for Healthy Living

For your health, eat 5 fruits and vegetables per day "," For your health, eat less fat and less salty "," For your health avoid alcohol abuse ": for those who watch TV, you are subject daily to Redundant and unnecessary advertising. Nobody is going to say to herself on hearing this "Yes, they are right, I want to do a little jogging! In addition, these messages are far too simplistic and incomplete, note the irony when they dare to put "Eat less fat and less salty" at the end of an advertisement for the new McDo burger, it always makes me laugh!

Here are 6 REAL tricks to keep fit and health as long as possible, tips that you will obviously NEVER see on TV.

Follow Basic Nutrition Tips

Here is a brief reminder:

1- Do not go into fast foods anymore: it's not new, it's the worst thing to do. See the Americans ...

2- Stop food stuffed with dyes, preservatives, full of "E": chips, curly, sodas, syrup ...

3- Banish foods with high glycemic index: classic baguette, white pasta, white rice, refined sugar ...

4- Eat food with low GI: vegetables, legumes, oilseeds ...

5- Avoid gluten, lactose and casein: pasta, bread, cakes, wheat flour, animal milk, cheese, butter, margarine, yoghurt, cheese ... All these foods promote intestinal permeability, contributing to the development of an impressive number Of diseases: from schizophrenia to osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ... in short all kinds of pathologies.

6- Eat fruits and vegetables at every meal: you have to take them organic because some are very treated in conventional agriculture. They are rich in vitamins, minerals, antioxidants etc ... Variez, all are good for health. To use a familiar slogan: "Eat all! "

7- Limit consumption of red meat and large fish: Red meat contains antibiotics, toxins, lots of saturated fats. If you take it, it is essential to take it bio (because chemicals love to store in fat). For fish, avoid those at the top of the food chain (so the bigger ones) because they have a high concentration of heavy metals. You can eat white meat several times a week but prefer organic food.

8- Eat organic eggs: very good for your health, consume them without hesitation!
Optimize your intake of Omega-3: olive oil, colza oil, linseed oil, fatty fish (sardines, salmon, mackerel ...). All these foods are good for the heart, the memory, the mood. The Omega-3 even help with weight loss!

Water and foods make your beauty during pregnancy

All Pregnancy Suffer with hormonal changes in pregnancy time , are these changes may affecte women's beauty? so, these changes are very natural in all women's body and Every woman has a various hormonal cycle (Estrogen and Progesterone ) and so is their pregnancy who can impact your moods, health and also behavior.

Pregnancy leads the natural radiance in any women, that’s for the reason that they are enjoy and happy because they are finally pregnant . But if you have uncertainty feeling that you might not be one of those, then here is our article for you to follow in your pregnancy time, for a healthy and good experience phase of your life.

How to look beautiful like normal women even in pregnancy period is a problem every next mom will ask for. As we all know a good mind and body increase beauty, so to make your worry easy we give you  3 real effective tips to help you make your beauty during your own experience of life.

1. Drinking Water 

During your special phase  (pregnancy) you need to drink lots of water in whole  day. It will help both , mom and baby in filtering and washing out all the rest toxins from your beautiful body. Further, mom should consume at least 2 liters of water a daywater helps in maintaining the right amount of fluid in your body. 

2. Right Food.

we advise to be extra carfull on what and how you are eating during pregnancy. you must always consult your doctor for a good diet for pregnancy time, including  food types you need to consume. Eat healthy, as it is very important for you and also the growth of your beautiful baby.

teenage girls and oldness womens issues

as we know women spend half day worrying about how they can be beautiful  , and not give something importance about what is great or terrible for them or even for health . But many women and preteen girls are take a risk of potentially serious health problems ans issues. Some conditions, such as obesity and depression or even heart disease , can touch womens no matter what their age , 18 , 36 or 60 years old , from heart disease to breast cancer to depression , specially teen girls and women under 65 year old , for example Like all teen body , this great phase comes with big numbers of challenges . You might find your teenage girl facing a lot of problems. Teenage and oldness are a time that is filled and facing some various big problems . As a parent and mature children ,you need to extend help to your family in facing these behavior problems. Below is the list of teenage girls and oldness womens issues :

Mental problems: women are prone than teen to experience  depression, and somatic issues that cannot be treated medically. specially Depression is the most common untraited health issues for women and going to suicide a leading cause of death for mature women in all world .

Heart problems is the most important killer of both teen and women. In women, this issues is responsible for more than 30 % of deaths, reports the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Heart problems refers to differents types of conditions that can affect all heart function and make quicly death for you .

These various types :

Coronary artery problems  : heart issues that make the arteries to the heart for get supply oxygen-rich blood to the entire heart muscle.

Valvules heart problems that make the valves work to allows blood to flow in only one direction.

Cardiomyopathy that affects how the heart muscle squeezes

Heart rhythm disturbances hat affect the electrical conduction

Heart infections where the heart has structural problems that develop before birth